Baking Substitutions

Substitutions

Tell it what you have run out of and what you are making. The same swap behaves differently in a cake, a cookie, and a custard, so every option is graded for what you are actually baking. Ingredients are listed under both their US and UK names, and amounts show in cups or metric.

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Working in different measurements? The baking calculator converts all of this between cups, grams, and ounces.

Built by Brown Butter Sugar, where every recipe begins with golden butter and cozy flavor.

Every substitution, graded

All 96 ingredients and 207 substitutions in the tool above, 148 of them vegan, in both US cups and metric, with a grade for each kind of baking. Best means you would struggle to tell. Good means it works. Adjust means it works but something noticeably changes. No means do not, and the tool will tell you why. Every ingredient name links back up to the tool.

Jump to: Dairy · Eggs · Fats · Flours · Sugars and syrups · Leaveners · Chocolate and flavor · Thickeners and acids

Dairy

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Dairy: substitutions in cups and in metric, graded by what you are baking
Instead ofUseUS cupsMetricVeganCakesCookiesBreadsSconesPancakesPastryCustardsCheesecakeFrostingCandyMeringue
ButtermilkPlant milk with lemon juice or vinegar1 cup unsweetened soy or oat milk, less 1 tbsp of that milk, plus 1 tbsp lemon juice or white vinegar240 ml unsweetened soy or oat milk, less 15 ml of that milk, plus 1 tbsp lemon juice or white vinegarYesBestBestGoodBestBestGoodAdjustAdjustGoodAdjustNo
ButtermilkMilk with lemon juice or vinegar1 cup whole milk, less 1 tbsp of that milk, plus 1 tbsp lemon juice or white vinegar240 ml whole milk, less 15 ml of that milk, plus 1 tbsp lemon juice or white vinegarNoBestBestGoodGoodBestGoodAdjustAdjustGoodAdjustNo
ButtermilkPlain yogurt thinned with milk¾ cup plain yogurt, plus ¼ cup milk184 g plain yogurt, plus 60 ml milkNoBestGoodBestGoodBestGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodNo
ButtermilkSour cream thinned with milk¾ cup sour cream, plus ¼ cup milk172 g sour cream, plus 60 ml milkNoBestGoodGoodGoodBestGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodNo
ButtermilkMilk with cream of tartar1 cup milk, plus 1¾ tsp cream of tartar240 ml milk, plus 1¾ tsp cream of tartarNoGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjustAdjustAdjustAdjustNo
Heavy cream (double cream)Whole milk with melted butter¾ cup whole milk, plus ¼ cup melted butter, cooled180 ml whole milk, plus 60 ml melted butter, cooledNoBestBestBestGoodBestGoodGoodGoodNoAdjustNo
Heavy cream (double cream)Evaporated milk1 cup evaporated milk240 ml evaporated milkNoGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodNoGoodNo
Heavy cream (double cream)Full fat coconut cream1 cup coconut cream, chilled240 ml coconut cream, chilledYesGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodNo
Sour creamCoconut cream with lemon juice1 cup thick coconut cream, chilled, plus 2 tsp lemon juice240 ml thick coconut cream, chilled, plus 2 tsp lemon juiceYesBestGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodNoNo
Sour creamShop-bought vegan sour cream1 cup vegan sour cream230 g vegan sour creamYesBestBestBestBestBestGoodAdjustGoodBestNoNo
Sour creamGreek yogurt1 cup full fat Greek yogurt245 g full fat Greek yogurtNoBestBestBestGoodBestGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodNo
Sour creamCrème fraîche1 cup crème fraîche240 g crème fraîcheNoBestBestGoodBestBestBestBestBestBestBestNo
Sour creamButtermilk, in batters only¾ cup buttermilk180 ml buttermilkNoGoodAdjustGoodNoGoodNoNoNoNoNoNo
Cream cheeseVegan cream cheese1 cup vegan cream cheese240 g vegan cream cheeseYesBestBestBestBestGoodGoodAdjustGoodBestNoNo
Cream cheeseSoaked cashews, blended1 cup raw cashews, soaked 4 hours, plus 2 tbsp lemon juice, plus 2 tbsp water137 g raw cashews, soaked 4 hours, plus 2 tbsp lemon juice, plus 30 ml waterYesGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodBestGoodNoNo
Cream cheeseMascarpone1 cup mascarpone246 g mascarponeNoGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjustBestBestGoodBestNoNo
Cream cheeseNeufchâtel1 cup Neufchâtel240 g NeufchâtelNoBestBestBestBestGoodBestGoodBestBestNoNo
Cream cheeseRicotta, blended smooth1 cup whole milk ricotta, plus 1 tsp lemon juice246 g whole milk ricotta, plus 1 tsp lemon juiceNoGoodAdjustAdjustGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjustNoNoNo
Whole milkSkim or semi-skimmed milk with butter1 cup skim or 2% milk, plus 1 tbsp melted butter240 ml skim or 2% milk, plus 14 g melted butterNoBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestGood
Whole milkEvaporated milk and water½ cup evaporated milk, plus ½ cup water120 ml evaporated milk, plus 120 ml waterNoBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestGoodBestGood
Whole milkOat, soy or almond milk1 cup unsweetened plant milk240 ml unsweetened plant milkYesBestBestBestGoodBestGoodAdjustAdjustGoodAdjustAdjust
Evaporated milkFull fat coconut milk, reduced1½ cups full fat coconut milk, simmered to 1 cup360 ml full fat coconut milk, simmered to 1 cupYesBestBestGoodGoodBestGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodNo
Evaporated milkMilk simmered down2¼ cups whole milk, simmered to 1 cup540 ml whole milk, simmered to 1 cupNoBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestAdjust
Evaporated milkHalf and half1 cup half and half240 ml half and halfNoGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjust
Sweetened condensed milkCoconut condensed milk1 cup sweetened condensed coconut milk240 ml sweetened condensed coconut milkYesBestBestGoodGoodGoodBestBestBestBestGoodNo
Sweetened condensed milkMilk and sugar, simmered1 cup whole milk, plus ⅓ cup granulated sugar, plus 1 tbsp butter240 ml whole milk, plus 67 g granulated sugar, plus 14 g butterNoGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodNo
Greek yogurtThick coconut yogurt1 cup thick coconut yogurt245 g thick coconut yogurtYesBestBestBestBestBestGoodAdjustGoodGoodNoNo
Greek yogurtSour cream1 cup sour cream230 g sour creamNoBestBestBestBestBestBestGoodGoodBestGoodNo
Greek yogurtPlain yogurt, strained1½ cups plain yogurt, strained 2 hours368 g plain yogurt, strained 2 hoursNoBestBestBestGoodBestGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodNo
Crème fraîcheCoconut cream with lemon juice1 cup thick coconut cream, plus 1 tsp lemon juice240 ml thick coconut cream, plus 1 tsp lemon juiceYesBestGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjustNo
Crème fraîcheSour cream1 cup sour cream230 g sour creamNoBestBestBestBestBestBestAdjustAdjustBestAdjustNo
Crème fraîcheHeavy cream cultured with buttermilk1 cup heavy cream, plus 2 tbsp buttermilk240 ml heavy cream, plus 30 ml buttermilkNoBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestNo
MascarponeSoaked cashews with coconut cream¾ cup raw cashews, soaked 4 hours, plus ¼ cup coconut cream, plus 1 tsp lemon juice103 g raw cashews, soaked 4 hours, plus 60 ml coconut cream, plus 1 tsp lemon juiceYesGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodBestGoodBestBestNoNo
MascarponeCream cheese loosened with cream1 cup cream cheese, softened, less 2 tbsp of that cream cheese, plus 3 tbsp heavy cream240 g cream cheese, softened, less 30 g of that cream cheese, plus 45 ml heavy creamNoGoodGoodGoodBestGoodBestGoodGoodBestGoodNo
Half and half (single cream)Oat milk with coconut cream¾ cup oat milk, plus ¼ cup coconut cream180 ml oat milk, plus 60 ml coconut creamYesBestBestBestBestBestGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjustNo
Half and half (single cream)Whole milk and heavy cream¾ cup whole milk, plus ¼ cup heavy cream180 ml whole milk, plus 60 ml heavy creamNoBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestAdjust
Half and half (single cream)Evaporated milk1 cup evaporated milk240 ml evaporated milkNoBestBestBestGoodBestGoodBestGoodGoodGoodAdjust
RicottaFirm tofu, crumbled and blended1 cup firm tofu, drained, plus 1 tbsp lemon juice, plus 1 tbsp olive oil250 g firm tofu, drained, plus 1 tbsp lemon juice, plus 15 ml olive oilYesGoodAdjustGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjustGoodNoNoNo
RicottaCottage cheese, blended smooth1 cup full fat cottage cheese, blended226 g full fat cottage cheese, blendedNoBestGoodGoodGoodBestBestGoodBestAdjustNoNo
RicottaMascarpone loosened with milk¾ cup mascarpone, plus ¼ cup milk184 g mascarpone, plus 60 ml milkNoBestGoodGoodGoodGoodBestBestBestBestNoNo
Milk powderCoconut milk powder1 tbsp coconut milk powder6 g coconut milk powderYesBestBestBestGoodBestGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodNo
Milk powderUse milk in place of the waterleave the powder out, plus replace the water in the recipe with the same amount of whole milkleave the powder out, plus replace the water in the recipe with the same amount of whole milkNoBestBestBestBestBestGoodBestGoodGoodGoodNo
Milk powderMalted milk powder1 tbsp malted milk powder8 g malted milk powderNoBestBestGoodGoodBestGoodGoodGoodBestGoodNo
Coconut milk (canned)Coconut cream let down with water⅗ cup canned coconut cream, plus ⅖ cup water⅗ cup canned coconut cream, plus 96 ml waterYesBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestGoodBestNo
Coconut milk (canned)Coconut milk powder and water¼ cup coconut milk powder, plus 1 cup warm water25 g coconut milk powder, plus 1 cup warm waterYesBestBestBestBestBestGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodNo
Coconut milk (canned)Evaporated milk1 cup evaporated milk240 ml evaporated milkNoGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodNo
Coconut cream (canned)The solid top of a chilled can of coconut milk2 cups full fat coconut milk, chilled overnight and not shaken, plus scoop off the solid part and leave the thin water behind2 cups full fat coconut milk, chilled overnight and not shaken, plus scoop off the solid part and leave the thin water behindYesBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestGood
Coconut cream (canned)Coconut milk powder with a little water½ cup coconut milk powder, plus ½ cup warm water50 g coconut milk powder, plus ½ cup warm waterYesBestBestGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodNo
Coconut cream (canned)Heavy cream1 cup heavy cream240 ml heavy creamNoBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBest
Clotted creamWhipped coconut cream with a little sugar1 cup coconut cream, chilled overnight, plus 1 tbsp powdered sugar1 cup coconut cream, chilled overnight, plus 8 g powdered sugarYesGoodGoodAdjustGoodGoodGoodAdjustGoodGoodNoAdjust
Clotted creamMascarpone loosened with heavy cream¾ cup mascarpone, plus ¼ cup heavy cream184 g mascarpone, plus 60 ml heavy creamNoGoodGoodGoodBestGoodGoodGoodGoodBestNoNo
Clotted creamWhipped heavy cream1¼ cups heavy cream, whipped to soft peaks1¼ cups heavy cream, whipped to soft peaksNoGoodAdjustAdjustGoodGoodGoodAdjustAdjustGoodNoAdjust
Cottage cheeseRicotta1 cup whole milk ricotta246 g whole milk ricottaNoBestGoodBestBestBestBestGoodBestAdjustNoNo
Cottage cheeseBlended silken tofu1 cup silken tofu, blended, plus 1 tsp lemon juice1 cup silken tofu, blended, plus 1 tsp lemon juiceYesGoodAdjustGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodNoNoNo
Whipping creamHeavy cream1 cup heavy cream240 ml heavy creamNoBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBest
Whipping creamChilled coconut cream1 cup coconut cream, chilled overnight1 cup coconut cream, chilled overnightYesGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjustAdjust
GheeRefined coconut oil1 cup refined coconut oil218 g refined coconut oilYesBestBestBestBestBestBestGoodGoodGoodGoodNo
GheeButter1.15 cups butter261 g butterNoBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestGoodNo
GheeClarified butter1 cup clarified butter1 cup clarified butterNoBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestNo
MargarineButter1 cup butter227 g butterNoBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestGoodNo
MargarineVegan block butter1 cup vegan block butter1 cup vegan block butterYesBestBestBestBestBestGoodGoodGoodBestAdjustNo

Eggs

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Eggs: substitutions in cups and in metric, graded by what you are baking
Instead ofUseUS cupsMetricVeganCakesCookiesBreadsSconesPancakesPastryCustardsCheesecakeFrostingCandyMeringue
Whole eggFlax egg1 tbsp ground flaxseed, plus 3 tbsp water, rested 10 minutes7 g ground flaxseed, plus 45 ml water, rested 10 minutesYesGoodBestGoodGoodGoodAdjustNoNoNoNoNo
Whole eggUnsweetened apple sauce¼ cup unsweetened apple sauce62 g unsweetened apple sauceYesGoodAdjustGoodAdjustGoodNoNoNoNoNoNo
Whole eggAquafaba, the liquid from a can of chickpeas3 tbsp aquafaba45 ml aquafabaYesGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjustAdjustBestAdjustBest
Whole eggMashed banana¼ cup mashed ripe banana56 g mashed ripe bananaYesGoodAdjustGoodAdjustGoodNoNoNoNoNoNo
Whole eggPlain yogurt¼ cup plain yogurt61 g plain yogurtNoGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjustNoAdjustNoNoNo
Egg whiteAquafaba2 tbsp aquafaba30 ml aquafabaYesBestBestGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjustAdjustBestGoodBest
Egg yolkSilken tofu, blended1 tbsp silken tofu, blended smooth, plus ¼ tsp cornstarch16 g silken tofu, blended smooth, plus ¼ tsp cornstarchYesGoodGoodAdjustAdjustGoodAdjustGoodGoodAdjustNoNo
Egg yolkWhole egg½ whole egg½ whole eggNoGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjustGoodNo

Fats

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Fats: substitutions in cups and in metric, graded by what you are baking
Instead ofUseUS cupsMetricVeganCakesCookiesBreadsSconesPancakesPastryCustardsCheesecakeFrostingCandyMeringue
ButterNeutral oil¾ cup vegetable or light olive oil180 ml vegetable or light olive oilYesBestAdjustBestNoBestNoAdjustAdjustNoAdjustNo
ButterShortening1 cup vegetable shortening, plus ¼ tsp salt191 g vegetable shortening, plus ¼ tsp saltYesGoodBestGoodBestGoodBestNoAdjustGoodNoNo
ButterCoconut oil, solid1 cup refined coconut oil218 g refined coconut oilYesGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjustAdjustGoodAdjustNo
ButterBaking margarine1 cup block margarine227 g block margarineNoBestGoodBestGoodBestGoodAdjustAdjustGoodNoNo
Vegetable oil (sunflower oil)Melted butter1⅛ cups melted butter, cooled270 ml melted butter, cooledNoBestBestBestAdjustBestAdjustGoodGoodAdjustGoodNo
Vegetable oil (sunflower oil)Apple sauce, for half the oil½ cup unsweetened apple sauce, plus ½ cup oil123 g unsweetened apple sauce, plus 120 ml oilYesGoodAdjustGoodNoGoodNoNoNoNoNoNo
Shortening (vegetable fat)Coconut oil, solid1 cup refined coconut oil, chilled218 g refined coconut oil, chilledYesGoodBestGoodBestGoodBestAdjustAdjustGoodAdjustNo
Shortening (vegetable fat)Butter1⅛ cups cold butter255 g cold butterNoBestBestBestBestBestBestGoodGoodBestAdjustNo
Shortening (vegetable fat)Lard1 cup lard205 g lardNoAdjustGoodGoodBestAdjustBestNoNoNoNoNo
Coconut oilButter1⅛ cups butter255 g butterNoBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestGoodNo
Coconut oilShortening1 cup vegetable shortening191 g vegetable shorteningYesGoodBestGoodBestGoodBestAdjustAdjustGoodAdjustNo

Flours

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Flours: substitutions in cups and in metric, graded by what you are baking
Instead ofUseUS cupsMetricVeganCakesCookiesBreadsSconesPancakesPastryCustardsCheesecakeFrostingCandyMeringue
Cake flour (soft flour)All-purpose flour with cornstarch1 cup all-purpose flour, less 2 tbsp of that flour, plus 2 tbsp cornstarch120 g all-purpose flour, less 15 g of that flour, plus 16 g cornstarchYesBestBestAdjustBestBestBestBestGoodBestNoBest
Self-rising flour (self-raising)All-purpose flour with baking powder and salt1 cup all-purpose flour, plus 1½ tsp baking powder, plus ¼ tsp salt120 g all-purpose flour, plus 1½ tsp baking powder, plus ¼ tsp saltYesBestBestAdjustBestBestGoodGoodAdjustGoodNoNo
Bread flour (strong flour)All-purpose flour with vital wheat gluten1 cup all-purpose flour, less 1 tbsp of that flour, plus 1 tbsp vital wheat gluten120 g all-purpose flour, less 8 g of that flour, plus 9 g vital wheat glutenYesAdjustAdjustBestAdjustAdjustAdjustNoNoNoNoNo
Bread flour (strong flour)All-purpose flour on its own1 cup all-purpose flour120 g all-purpose flourYesBestBestGoodBestBestBestBestGoodBestNoBest
All-purpose flour (plain flour)Half bread flour, half cake flour½ cup bread flour, plus ½ cup cake flour65 g bread flour, plus 57 g cake flourYesBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBest
All-purpose flour (plain flour)Whole wheat flour, for half½ cup whole wheat flour, plus ½ cup all-purpose flour, plus 1 tbsp extra liquid60 g whole wheat flour, plus 60 g all-purpose flour, plus 1 tbsp extra liquidYesGoodGoodBestAdjustGoodAdjustNoNoNoNoNo
Almond flourGround blanched almonds1 cup blanched almonds, ground fine96 g blanched almonds, ground fineYesBestBestGoodBestBestBestGoodGoodGoodGoodGood
Almond flourSunflower seed flour1 cup ground sunflower seeds100 g ground sunflower seedsYesGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjustAdjustAdjustAdjustAdjust
Oat flourRolled oats, blitzed1¼ cups rolled oats, blitzed fine115 g rolled oats, blitzed fineYesBestBestBestBestBestGoodGoodGoodAdjustNoNo
Coconut flourAlmond flour, with adjustments4 cups almond flour, plus and cut the liquid in the recipe by about a third384 g almond flour, plus and cut the liquid in the recipe by about a thirdYesAdjustAdjustAdjustAdjustAdjustAdjustNoAdjustNoNoNo
Rye flourWhole wheat flour with molasses1 cup whole wheat flour, plus 1 tsp molasses120 g whole wheat flour, plus 1 tsp molassesYesGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjustNoNoNoNoNo
Gluten-free flour blendRice flour, starch and xanthan gum⅝ cup white rice flour, plus ¼ cup potato starch, plus ⅛ cup tapioca starch, plus ¼ tsp xanthan gum100 g white rice flour, plus 40 g potato starch, plus 15 g tapioca starch, plus ¼ tsp xanthan gumYesGoodGoodGoodGoodBestGoodGoodGoodAdjustNoAdjust
CornmealPolenta1 cup polenta1 cup polentaYesBestBestBestBestBestGoodAdjustAdjustNoNoNo
CornmealSemolina1 cup fine semolina1 cup fine semolinaYesGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjustAdjustNoNoNo
SemolinaFine cornmeal or polenta1 cup fine cornmeal1 cup fine cornmealYesGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjustAdjustNoNoNo
SemolinaDurum flour1 cup durum flour1 cup durum flourYesGoodGoodBestGoodGoodGoodAdjustAdjustNoNoNo
Rice flourCornstarch¾ cup cornstarch96 g cornstarchYesGoodBestAdjustGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjustNoAdjust
Rice flourFine cornmeal1 cup fine cornmeal1 cup fine cornmealYesGoodGoodAdjustGoodGoodGoodNoAdjustNoNoNo
Buckwheat flourWhole wheat flour1 cup whole wheat flour120 g whole wheat flourYesGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjustNoNoNoNoNo
Buckwheat flourTeff or sorghum flour1 cup teff or sorghum flour1 cup teff or sorghum flourYesGoodGoodGoodGoodBestAdjustNoNoNoNoNo
Spelt flourWhole wheat flour1 cup whole wheat flour120 g whole wheat flourYesBestBestBestBestBestGoodNoNoNoNoNo
Spelt flourAll-purpose flour1 cup all-purpose flour120 g all-purpose flourYesBestBestBestBestBestBestAdjustAdjustNoNoNo
Potato starchCornstarch1 cup cornstarch128 g cornstarchYesBestBestGoodBestBestBestGoodGoodGoodAdjustGood
Potato starchTapioca starch1 cup tapioca starch120 g tapioca starchYesBestBestBestBestBestBestGoodGoodGoodAdjustAdjust
Vital wheat glutenLeave it out and knead longeromit the gluten, plus and knead the dough five minutes longer, or give it a longer restomit the gluten, plus and knead the dough five minutes longer, or give it a longer restYesGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodNoNoNoNoNo
Vital wheat glutenBread flour in place of the plain flourleave the gluten out, plus and use bread flour instead of all-purpose in the recipeleave the gluten out, plus and use bread flour instead of all-purpose in the recipeNoAdjustAdjustBestAdjustAdjustAdjustNoNoNoNoNo
Xanthan gumGround psyllium husk2 tsp ground psyllium husk2 tsp ground psyllium huskYesGoodGoodBestGoodGoodGoodAdjustAdjustNoNoNo
Xanthan gumGround chia or flaxseed3 tsp finely ground chia or flaxseed3 tsp finely ground chia or flaxseedYesGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjustNoAdjustNoNoNo

Sugars and syrups

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Sugars and syrups: substitutions in cups and in metric, graded by what you are baking
Instead ofUseUS cupsMetricVeganCakesCookiesBreadsSconesPancakesPastryCustardsCheesecakeFrostingCandyMeringue
Light brown sugar (light muscovado)Granulated sugar with molasses1 cup granulated sugar, plus 1 tbsp molasses200 g granulated sugar, plus 1 tbsp molassesYesBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestAdjust
Light brown sugar (light muscovado)Granulated sugar on its own1 cup granulated sugar200 g granulated sugarYesGoodAdjustGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodBestBest
Dark brown sugar (dark muscovado)Granulated sugar with molasses1 cup granulated sugar, plus 2 tbsp molasses200 g granulated sugar, plus 2 tbsp molassesYesBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestAdjust
Dark brown sugar (dark muscovado)Light brown sugar1 cup light brown sugar213 g light brown sugarYesBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestGood
Caster sugar (superfine)Granulated sugar, pulsed1 cup granulated sugar200 g granulated sugarYesBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBest
Powdered sugar (icing sugar)Blitzed granulated sugar1 cup granulated sugar, plus 1 tsp cornstarch200 g granulated sugar, plus 1 tsp cornstarchYesBestBestBestBestBestBestGoodGoodGoodGoodGood
HoneyMaple syrup1 cup maple syrup322 g maple syrupYesBestBestBestGoodBestGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodNo
HoneyGolden syrup1 cup golden syrup325 g golden syrupYesBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestGoodBestNo
HoneyGranulated sugar and water1¼ cups granulated sugar, plus ¼ cup water250 g granulated sugar, plus 60 ml waterYesGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjustAdjustAdjust
Maple syrupHoney1 cup honey340 g honeyNoBestBestBestGoodBestGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodNo
Maple syrupGolden syrup or light corn syrup1 cup golden or corn syrup325 g golden or corn syrupYesGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodBestBestGoodBestAdjust
Corn syrupGolden syrup1 cup golden syrup325 g golden syrupYesBestBestBestGoodGoodBestBestGoodBestBestBest
Corn syrupHoney1 cup honey340 g honeyNoGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjustAdjustNo
Corn syrupSimple syrup1¼ cups granulated sugar, plus ⅓ cup water250 g granulated sugar, plus 80 ml waterYesGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjustAdjustNoNoNo
Molasses (black treacle)Black treacle1 cup black treacle336 g black treacleYesBestBestBestBestBestBestGoodGoodGoodGoodNo
Molasses (black treacle)Dark brown sugar and water1⅓ cups dark brown sugar, plus ¼ cup water293 g dark brown sugar, plus 60 ml waterYesGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodNo
Granulated sugarCaster sugar1 cup caster sugar200 g caster sugarYesBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBest
Granulated sugarCoconut sugar1 cup coconut sugar192 g coconut sugarYesGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjustAdjustAdjustNoNo
Granulated sugarLight brown sugar1 cup light brown sugar213 g light brown sugarYesBestBestBestBestBestGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjustNo
Golden syrupLight corn syrup with molasses1 cup light corn syrup, plus 1 tsp molasses328 g light corn syrup, plus 1 tsp molassesYesBestBestBestBestBestBestBestGoodBestBestGood
Golden syrupHoney1 cup honey340 g honeyNoBestBestBestGoodBestGoodGoodGoodAdjustAdjustNo
Demerara sugar (turbinado)Turbinado or raw sugar1 cup turbinado sugar210 g turbinado sugarYesBestBestBestBestBestBestGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjust
Demerara sugar (turbinado)Light brown sugar1 cup light brown sugar213 g light brown sugarYesBestGoodBestAdjustBestGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjustNo
Dulce de lecheCoconut condensed milk, cooked1¼ cups sweetened condensed coconut milk, simmered until amber1¼ cups sweetened condensed coconut milk, simmered until amberYesBestBestGoodGoodBestBestGoodBestBestBestNo
Dulce de lecheCondensed milk, cooked1¼ cups sweetened condensed milk, simmered until amber1¼ cups sweetened condensed milk, simmered until amberNoBestBestGoodGoodBestBestBestBestBestBestNo
Dulce de lecheThick caramel sauce1 cup thick caramel sauce1 cup thick caramel sauceNoGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodNo
MarshmallowsMarshmallow fluff or creme¾ cup marshmallow fluff¾ cup marshmallow fluffNoGoodGoodAdjustAdjustAdjustGoodAdjustGoodBestBestAdjust
MarshmallowsVegan marshmallows1 cup vegan marshmallows1 cup vegan marshmallowsYesGoodGoodAdjustAdjustAdjustGoodAdjustGoodGoodGoodAdjust

Leaveners

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Leaveners: substitutions in cups and in metric, graded by what you are baking
Instead ofUseUS cupsMetricVeganCakesCookiesBreadsSconesPancakesPastryCustardsCheesecakeFrostingCandyMeringue
Baking powderBaking soda and cream of tartar¼ tsp baking soda, plus ½ tsp cream of tartar¼ tsp baking soda, plus ½ tsp cream of tartarYesBestBestBestBestBestBestGoodAdjustGoodNoAdjust
Baking powderBaking soda with an acid already in the recipe¼ tsp baking soda¼ tsp baking sodaYesGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjustAdjustNoNoNoNo
Baking soda (bicarbonate of soda)Baking powder, tripled3 tsp baking powder3 tsp baking powderYesAdjustAdjustAdjustAdjustAdjustAdjustAdjustNoNoNoNo
Cream of tartarLemon juice or white vinegar2 tsp lemon juice or white vinegar2 tsp lemon juice or white vinegarYesGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjustAdjustAdjustBestBest
Cream of tartarNothing, in meringueomit and whip a little longeromit and whip a little longerYesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoAdjustAdjustGood
Instant yeastActive dry yeast1¼ tsp active dry yeast1¼ tsp active dry yeastYesGoodGoodBestBestGoodBestNoNoNoNoNo
Instant yeastFresh yeast3 tsp fresh yeast, crumbled3 tsp fresh yeast, crumbledYesGoodGoodBestBestGoodBestNoNoNoNoNo
Active dry yeastInstant yeast¾ tsp instant yeast¾ tsp instant yeastYesGoodGoodBestBestGoodBestNoNoNoNoNo
Fresh yeastInstant yeast⅓ tsp instant yeast⅓ tsp instant yeastYesGoodGoodBestGoodGoodBestNoNoNoNoNo
Fresh yeastActive dry yeast⅖ tsp active dry yeast⅖ tsp active dry yeastYesGoodGoodBestGoodGoodBestNoNoNoNoNo

Chocolate and flavor

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Chocolate and flavor: substitutions in cups and in metric, graded by what you are baking
Instead ofUseUS cupsMetricVeganCakesCookiesBreadsSconesPancakesPastryCustardsCheesecakeFrostingCandyMeringue
Vanilla extractVanilla bean paste1 tbsp vanilla bean paste1 tbsp vanilla bean pasteYesBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBest
Vanilla extractWhole vanilla bean1 vanilla bean, split and scraped1 vanilla bean, split and scrapedYesBestGoodGoodBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBest
Vanilla extractVanilla sugar1 tbsp vanilla sugar, plus and reduce the recipe sugar by the same1 tbsp vanilla sugar, plus and reduce the recipe sugar by the sameYesGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGood
Vanilla beanVanilla extract1 tbsp vanilla extract1 tbsp vanilla extractYesBestBestBestBestBestBestGoodGoodBestGoodBest
Vanilla beanVanilla bean paste1 tbsp vanilla bean paste1 tbsp vanilla bean pasteYesBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBest
Vanilla bean pasteVanilla extract1 tbsp vanilla extract1 tbsp vanilla extractYesBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBest
Natural cocoa powderDutch process cocoa with an acid adjustment1 cup Dutch process cocoa, plus ⅛ tsp cream of tartar per ¼ cup cocoa100 g Dutch process cocoa, plus ⅛ tsp cream of tartar per ¼ cup cocoaYesGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodBestBestBestBestGood
Dutch process cocoaNatural cocoa with a leavening adjustment1 cup natural cocoa, plus ⅛ tsp baking soda per ¼ cup cocoa100 g natural cocoa, plus ⅛ tsp baking soda per ¼ cup cocoaYesGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodBestBestBestBestGood
Unsweetened chocolateCocoa powder and fat3 tbsp natural cocoa powder, plus 1 tbsp butter, or oil to keep it vegan3 tbsp natural cocoa powder, plus 1 tbsp butter, or oil to keep it veganYesBestBestGoodGoodBestGoodGoodGoodBestGoodAdjust
Semisweet chocolateUnsweetened chocolate and sugar⅔ oz unsweetened chocolate, plus 1 tbsp granulated sugar19 g unsweetened chocolate, plus 12 g granulated sugarYesBestGoodGoodGoodBestGoodGoodGoodBestGoodAdjust
Semisweet chocolateBittersweet chocolate1 oz bittersweet chocolate28 g bittersweet chocolateYesBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBest
Espresso powderInstant coffee granules2 tsp instant coffee, crushed fine2 tsp instant coffee, crushed fineYesBestBestGoodGoodBestGoodBestBestBestBestGood
White chocolateVegan white chocolate1 oz vegan white chocolate28 g vegan white chocolateYesBestBestGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjust
White chocolateWhite chocolate chips1 oz white chocolate chips28 g white chocolate chipsNoBestBestBestBestBestGoodAdjustGoodAdjustAdjustAdjust
White chocolateCocoa butter, milk powder and sugar½ oz cocoa butter, melted, plus ¼ oz milk powder, plus ¼ oz powdered sugar14 g cocoa butter, melted, plus 7 g milk powder, plus 7 g powdered sugarNoGoodGoodAdjustAdjustAdjustGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjustNo
Milk chocolateOat milk chocolate1 oz vegan oat milk chocolate28 g vegan oat milk chocolateYesBestBestBestBestBestBestGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjust
Milk chocolateSemisweet chocolate1 oz semisweet chocolate28 g semisweet chocolateYesBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestGood
Milk chocolateSemisweet chocolate with milk powder¾ oz semisweet chocolate, plus ¼ oz milk powder21 g semisweet chocolate, plus 7 g milk powderNoGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjustNo
Chocolate chipsChopped bar chocolate1 cup chopped chocolate170 g chopped chocolateYesBestBestBestBestGoodBestBestBestBestBestAdjust
Almond extractAmaretto2 tsp amaretto2 tsp amarettoYesBestBestGoodGoodGoodBestBestBestBestGoodAdjust
Almond extractVanilla extract1 tsp vanilla extract1 tsp vanilla extractYesGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGood
Pumpkin pie spiceMix your own½ tsp ground cinnamon, plus ¼ tsp ground ginger, plus ⅛ tsp ground nutmeg, plus ⅛ tsp ground allspice or cloves½ tsp ground cinnamon, plus ¼ tsp ground ginger, plus ⅛ tsp ground nutmeg, plus ⅛ tsp ground allspice or clovesYesBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestGoodAdjust
Apple pie spiceMix your own½ tsp ground cinnamon, plus ¼ tsp ground nutmeg, plus ¼ tsp ground allspice½ tsp ground cinnamon, plus ¼ tsp ground nutmeg, plus ¼ tsp ground allspiceYesBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestGoodGoodAdjust
Apple pie spicePumpkin pie spice1 tsp pumpkin pie spice1 tsp pumpkin pie spiceYesBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestGoodGoodAdjust
Lemon zestLemon extract½ tsp lemon extract½ tsp lemon extractYesBestBestGoodBestBestBestBestBestBestGoodGood
Lemon zestDried lemon peel½ tsp dried lemon peel½ tsp dried lemon peelYesGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjustGoodAdjustAdjustAdjust
Table saltDiamond Crystal kosher salt2 tsp Diamond Crystal kosher salt2 tsp Diamond Crystal kosher saltYesBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBest
Table saltMorton kosher salt1½ tsp Morton kosher salt1½ tsp Morton kosher saltYesBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBest
Kosher saltTable salt½ tsp table salt½ tsp table saltYesBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBest
Graham crackersVegan digestive or oat biscuits1 cup crushed vegan digestive or oat biscuits1 cup crushed vegan digestive or oat biscuitsYesGoodBestAdjustAdjustAdjustBestAdjustBestAdjustGoodNo
Graham crackersDigestive biscuits1 cup crushed digestive biscuits1 cup crushed digestive biscuitsNoGoodBestAdjustAdjustAdjustBestAdjustBestAdjustGoodNo
Graham crackersGingersnaps or biscoff1 cup crushed gingersnaps or Biscoff1 cup crushed gingersnaps or BiscoffNoGoodBestAdjustAdjustAdjustBestAdjustBestAdjustGoodNo
Peanut butterAlmond, cashew or sunflower seed butter1 cup almond, cashew or sunflower seed butter1 cup almond, cashew or sunflower seed butterYesBestBestBestGoodBestGoodGoodBestBestGoodNo
Shredded coconutDesiccated coconut¾ cup desiccated coconut¾ cup desiccated coconutYesBestBestGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjust
Shredded coconutCoconut flakes, chopped1¼ cups coconut flakes, roughly chopped1¼ cups coconut flakes, roughly choppedYesGoodBestGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjustGoodAdjustGoodAdjust
Ground cinnamonPumpkin or apple pie spice1 tsp pumpkin or apple pie spice1 tsp pumpkin or apple pie spiceYesBestBestBestBestBestBestGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjust
Ground cinnamonGround allspice, at half½ tsp ground allspice½ tsp ground allspiceYesGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjustAdjustNo
Ground gingerFresh ginger, grated2 tsp finely grated fresh ginger2 tsp finely grated fresh gingerYesGoodGoodGoodGoodBestGoodBestGoodGoodGoodNo
Ground gingerPumpkin pie spice1½ tsp pumpkin pie spice1½ tsp pumpkin pie spiceYesBestBestBestBestBestBestGoodGoodGoodAdjustNo
Ground nutmegGround mace1 tsp ground mace1 tsp ground maceYesBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestGoodGoodAdjust
Ground nutmegPumpkin or apple pie spice1½ tsp pumpkin or apple pie spice1½ tsp pumpkin or apple pie spiceYesBestBestBestBestBestBestGoodGoodGoodAdjustNo
Ground cardamomWhole pods, crushed12 green cardamom pods, seeds crushed12 green cardamom pods, seeds crushedYesBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestGoodAdjust
Ground cardamomCinnamon with a pinch of cloves¾ tsp ground cinnamon, plus ⅛ tsp ground cloves¾ tsp ground cinnamon, plus ⅛ tsp ground clovesYesGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjustAdjustAdjustAdjustNo
Ground allspiceCinnamon, nutmeg and cloves½ tsp ground cinnamon, plus ¼ tsp ground nutmeg, plus ¼ tsp ground cloves½ tsp ground cinnamon, plus ¼ tsp ground nutmeg, plus ¼ tsp ground clovesYesBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestGoodGoodAdjust
Orange zestLemon zest1 tsp lemon zest1 tsp lemon zestYesBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestGoodGood
Orange zestOrange extract½ tsp orange extract½ tsp orange extractYesBestBestGoodBestBestBestBestBestBestGoodGood
White vinegarLemon juice1 tbsp lemon juice1 tbsp lemon juiceYesBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBest
White vinegarApple cider vinegar1 tbsp apple cider vinegar1 tbsp apple cider vinegarYesBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestGoodBestBest

Thickeners and acids

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Thickeners and acids: substitutions in cups and in metric, graded by what you are baking
Instead ofUseUS cupsMetricVeganCakesCookiesBreadsSconesPancakesPastryCustardsCheesecakeFrostingCandyMeringue
Cornstarch (cornflour)All-purpose flour2 tbsp all-purpose flour15 g all-purpose flourYesGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjustAdjustNo
Cornstarch (cornflour)Arrowroot1 tbsp arrowroot1 tbsp arrowrootYesGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodBestGoodAdjustGoodAdjustAdjust
Cornstarch (cornflour)Tapioca starch2 tsp tapioca starch2 tsp tapioca starchYesGoodGoodGoodGoodGoodBestAdjustAdjustAdjustAdjustNo
ArrowrootCornstarch1 tbsp cornstarch8 g cornstarchYesBestBestBestGoodBestGoodBestBestBestBestAdjust
Powdered gelatinAgar agar powder½ tsp agar agar powder½ tsp agar agar powderYesAdjustNoNoNoNoGoodGoodAdjustAdjustAdjustNo
Powdered gelatinGelatin sheets3 platinum gelatin sheets3 platinum gelatin sheetsNoBestGoodNoNoNoBestBestBestBestBestGood
Lemon juiceWhite vinegar1 tbsp white vinegar1 tbsp white vinegarYesBestBestBestBestBestBestAdjustAdjustGoodAdjustBest
Lemon juiceLime juice1 tbsp lime juice1 tbsp lime juiceYesBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBest
Pumpkin puréeRoasted butternut squash, puréed1 cup roasted squash purée245 g roasted squash puréeYesBestBestBestBestBestBestBestBestGoodNoNo
Pumpkin puréeSweet potato purée1 cup roasted sweet potato, puréed245 g roasted sweet potato, puréedYesBestBestBestBestBestGoodGoodGoodGoodNoNo
Almond pasteGround almonds bound with aquafaba1½ cups almond flour, plus 1 cup powdered sugar, plus 2 tbsp aquafaba, plus ½ tsp almond extract144 g almond flour, plus 120 g powdered sugar, plus 30 ml aquafaba, plus ½ tsp almond extractYesBestBestGoodGoodGoodBestGoodGoodBestGoodNo
Almond pasteMake it from ground almonds1½ cups almond flour, plus 1 cup powdered sugar, plus 1 egg white, plus ½ tsp almond extract144 g almond flour, plus 120 g powdered sugar, plus 1 egg white, plus ½ tsp almond extractNoBestBestGoodGoodGoodBestGoodGoodBestGoodNo
Almond pasteMarzipan1 cup marzipan280 g marzipanNoGoodGoodGoodGoodAdjustGoodAdjustAdjustGoodGoodNo

Standard can sizes

What a can holds, so a recipe calling for one can converts cleanly. Sizes vary a little by brand, and UK tins are often a shade smaller than their US equivalents.

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What a standard can of each ingredient holds
IngredientCan sizeIn cups
Pumpkin purée15 oz / 425 g can1¾ cups
Sweetened condensed milk14 oz / 397 g can1¼ cups
Evaporated milk12 fl oz / 354 ml can1½ cups
Coconut milk (canned)13.5 fl oz / 400 ml can1⅔ cups
Coconut cream (canned)13.5 fl oz / 400 ml can1⅔ cups

US and UK baking terms

The same ingredient under two names, which is the other half of why a recipe from across the Atlantic goes wrong. The tool above lists both, so searching either will find it.

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Common baking ingredients under their US and UK names
United StatesUnited KingdomWorth knowing
All-purpose flourPlain flourUK plain flour is slightly lower in protein, around 9 to 10 per cent
Bread flourStrong flourSame thing, 12 to 14 per cent protein
Cake flourSoft or sponge flourUK soft flour is a little higher in protein than US cake flour
Self-rising flourSelf-raising flourThe UK version usually contains no salt
Whole wheat flourWholemeal flourInterchangeable
Baking sodaBicarbonate of sodaIdentical
CornstarchCornflourIdentical. UK cornflour is not the same as US corn flour, which is ground maize
Powdered sugarIcing sugarUS versions contain cornstarch, UK ones often do not
Superfine sugarCaster sugarIdentical
Light brown sugarLight muscovadoMuscovado is less refined and moister
Dark brown sugarDark muscovadoMuscovado is considerably stronger in flavor
Turbinado or raw sugarDemeraraInterchangeable
MolassesBlack treacleTreacle is slightly more bitter
Light corn syrupGolden syrupGolden syrup has more flavor and color, and is usually an improvement
Heavy creamDouble creamDouble cream is richer, about 48 per cent fat against 36
Half and halfSingle creamSingle cream is a little richer
ShorteningVegetable fat or TrexSame purpose, slightly different formulations
Vegetable oilSunflower or rapeseed oilAny neutral oil works
Semisweet chocolateDark or plain chocolateUK plain chocolate is usually a little darker
Graham crackersDigestive biscuitsDigestives are less sweet and slightly saltier
CheeseclothMuslinIdentical
Parchment paperBaking parchmentIdentical. Not the same as greaseproof paper

Cups, spoons and the metric equivalents

The tool converts for you, but these are the figures behind it.

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Volume measures in the US, the UK, and Australia
MeasureUnited StatesUnited KingdomAustralia
1 cup240 ml250 ml250 ml
1 tablespoon15 ml15 ml20 ml
1 teaspoon5 ml5 ml5 ml
1 fluid ounce29.6 ml28.4 ml30 ml
1 stick butter113 gnot usednot used

How to substitute without ruining the bake

  1. Work out what the ingredient is doing. Buttermilk in a cake is there for acid, not flavor. Butter in pastry is there for structure. Replace the job, not the item.
  2. Change one thing at a time. Two substitutions in one bake means you learn nothing when it goes wrong.
  3. Respect the acid and alkali pairing. Baking soda needs an acid to react with. Remove the acid and the bake goes flat and tastes soapy.
  4. Do not substitute in the things that depend on chemistry. Meringue, caramel, custard, and laminated pastry are unforgiving. A muffin will forgive almost anything.
  5. Write down what you did. The substitution that worked is worth remembering, and so is the one that did not.

Questions bakers ask

What can I use instead of buttermilk?

A cup of milk with a tablespoon of lemon juice or white vinegar, left ten minutes until it curdles. Buttermilk is in the recipe for its acid, which reacts with baking soda and tenderizes the crumb. Thinned yogurt or sour cream is even closer if you have either.

Can I use baking powder instead of baking soda?

Only as a last resort, at roughly three times the amount, and expect a compromised result. Baking powder contains its own acid, so it will not neutralize the acid your recipe expected the soda to handle.

How do I make cake flour?

Measure a cup of all-purpose flour, take out two tablespoons, and put back two tablespoons of cornstarch. Sift it twice. Cornstarch has no gluten, so this drops the protein to roughly the 8 per cent of real cake flour.

What is the best egg substitute for baking?

It depends what the egg is doing. For binding in cookies and muffins, a flax egg. For anything whipped, aquafaba, the liquid from a can of chickpeas, which is the only substitute that foams properly. For richness in custards there is no good answer.

Can I swap oil for butter?

In a cake or quick bread, yes, at three quarters of a cup of oil per cup of butter. The result is moister and keeps longer, though you lose the butter flavor and the browning. In pastry or creamed cookies, no.

Is Dutch process cocoa interchangeable with natural cocoa?

Not without an adjustment. Natural cocoa is acidic and is often the acid your baking soda is reacting with. Add an eighth of a teaspoon of cream of tartar per quarter cup of Dutch cocoa to put the acid back.

How much table salt equals kosher salt?

About half. A teaspoon of Diamond Crystal kosher salt holds roughly half the salt of a teaspoon of table salt, because the flakes are large and light. Morton kosher is denser, so it lands somewhere in between. This is the most common salt mistake in baking.

Will a substitute work in a meringue?

Almost nothing will, except aquafaba. Meringue depends on egg white protein unfolding and trapping air, and the only common substitute that does the same is chickpea liquid.

Is a US cup the same as a UK cup?

No. A US cup is 240 ml and the metric cup used in the UK and Australia is 250 ml, about four per cent more. For a substitution it rarely matters, because these are ratios and both parts scale together. It matters a great deal when you are following a whole recipe, which is what the metric setting here is for.

What is bicarbonate of soda in American recipes?

Baking soda. They are the same thing under two names, and both are sodium bicarbonate. Baking powder is a different product: soda already combined with a dry acid.

How much vanilla extract equals one vanilla bean?

One tablespoon of extract for one plump bean, or a tablespoon of vanilla bean paste if you want the visible seeds. In a custard the bean is still better, because the pod can steep in the warm liquid.

While you are here

Two more, also free

Baking Substitutions What to use when you have run out, graded for what you are actually baking. Vegan options and both US and UK measures. Open → Sourdough Calculator Hydration with your starter counted properly, fifty four bread styles, overnight schedules and what went wrong. Open →

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